Ten years ago, two experts in AI from the Oxford Martin School predicted that almost half of jobs were at risk of automation. In a new upcoming study, Professors Carl-Benedikt Frey and Michael A Osborne now say that while Generative AI has increased the scope of automation further, it will also make many jobs easier to do for people with lower skills.

In their paper ‘Generative AI and the Future of Work: A Reappraisal’, they also found:

• remote jobs are more likely to be automated, while AI will increase the value of in-person communication skills;
• AI hallucinations (when an AI confidently yet unwittingly generates false information) will continue to be a problem, so firms will mostly keep a human in the loop;
• Generative AI is less likely to be deployed in high-stakes contexts when mistakes are likely to be costly or irreversible; and
• while creative jobs are less prone to automation, creative professionals might face more competition and lower wages as generative AI makes content creation easier.

The researchers provide a reassessment of the division of labour between humans and computers in the age of Generative AI and the impact of the technology on the future of work.

They argue that whilst there have been significant advances in AI in recent years, particularly with the growth of Large Language Models (LLMs) like GPT4, significant bottlenecks remain in the deployment of Generative AI technologies that will prevent the complete replacement of humans in the workplace.

As Professor Carl-Benedikt Frey, Director of the Future of Work Programme at the Oxford Martin School and Dieter Schwarz Professor of AI & Work at the Oxford Internet Institute, explains:

‘Ten years on from our paper on “The Future of Employment”, we find that key bottlenecks to the automation of social tasks persist. In-person interactions remain valuable, and such real-life interactions cannot be readily substituted by Large Language Models.

‘As a general rule, it now looks like AI may be able to replace human labour in many virtual settings, meaning that if a task can be done remotely, it can also be potentially automated. Also we find that the more transactional a relationship becomes, the more prone it is to automation. But without major leaps, longstanding relationships – benefitting from in-person interaction – will remain in the realms of humans.’

Looking specifically at the creative industries, the study finds that whilst generative AI LLMs such as GPT4 can help turn a ‘poor’ writer into an ‘average’ writer, the algorithm is typically good at generating new combination of existing ideas, rather than making conceptual leaps. The authors also report that the deployment of Generative AI in creative work will focus on existing product lines rather than creating new works and won’t be game-changing for creativity.

The study considered the implications of Generative AI on the future of work, particularly in those situations when AI algorithms interact with the physical world. The experts find that Generative AI in its current form is less likely to be deployed in higher-stakes contexts like driving than lower-stakes activities.

As co-author Professor Michael A Osborne, Associate Professor of Machine Learning and Director of the Oxford Martin AI Governance Initiative, explains:

‘A key bottleneck to the automation of perception and mobility tasks, particularly in the physical world, is that we can’t accept mistakes. Yet foundation models based on deep neural networks, whose decisions we cannot explain, have the capacity to create plenty of mistakes.

‘For now, deployment of generative AI will be confined to lower stakes activities like customer service or warehouse automation where engineers can redesign and simplify the environment to enable automation.’

Prof. Frey concludes:

‘AI will continue to surprise us, and many jobs may be automated. However, in the absence of major breakthroughs, we also expect the bottlenecks we outline in our 2013 paper to continue to constrain our automation possibilities for the foreseeable future.’

The full paper, ‘Generative AI and the Future of Work: A Reappraisal’, is set to be published in the Brown Journal of World Affairs in January 2024.